Design Parameters and Shape Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna (A Review)

In This work, the different Antenna designs are highlighted. Nowadays, the most commonly used Microstrip Patch Antenna having different design parameters which can be suitably employed for various applications is elaborated. The work focused on various methodologies and antenna operations for the future Trends

Electrical properties of ultra thin Al2O3 and HfO2 films as gate dielectrics in MOS technology

The rapidly evolving silicon industry demands devices with high-speed and low power consumption. This has led to aggressive scaling of the dimensions in metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs). The channel length has been reduced as a result of this scaling. The industry favorite, SlO2, has reached limitations in the thickness regime of 1-1.5 nm as a gate dielectric. High-κ gate dielectrics such as Al203 and HfO2 and their silicates are some of the materials that may, probably, replace SlO2, as gate dielectric in the next four to five years. The present study is an attempt to understand the electrical characteristics of these exciting materials grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. The flat band voltages (VFB) were determined from C-V measurements on circularly patterned MOS capacitors. For phosphorous doped polysilicon electrodes and Al-oxide based dielectrics, positive shifts in VFB were observed, relative to a pure SlO2 control, ranging from 0.2 to 0.8V. It is believed that this is caused by fixed charges. Rapid thermal annealing at 1000°C tends to decrease VFB relative to a 800°C anneal. Changes in VFB UP to 0.35 V are observed for films deposited over SlO2 underlayers, while smaller changes, up to 0.05 V, are observed for films deposited directly on Si. Spike annealing is also observed to reduce oxide leakage. HfO2 showed large amount of leakage resulting in difficulty in performing capacitance measurements. ZrO2 was found to be reacting with polycrystalline silicon and thus high leakage current was observed

Formation of screen-printed contacts on multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) solar cells

Commercial multicrystalline silicon (me-Si) solar cells use screen-printing process for depositing both the Ag paste based gridded front and Al based back (whole area) metal contacts.. This thesis relates to experimental and theoretical studies of contact formation mechanisms in silicon solar cells. Temperature distribution studies during optical processing by. attached thermocouples to cells indicates that the maximum temperature reached under the front silver metal is less. than 800°C; this is lower than the eutectic point of Ag-Si (≈835°C). An analysis of the interaction of Ag particles and Si via the constituents of glass is given. This mechanism leaches metallic ions (solvent metals such as Pb, Bi or Zn), which cover the Ag particles and form a material of surface composition with low-melting-point. The low-temperature melt facilitates agglomeration of Ag and formation of a shallow alloy between Si, Ag, and the solvent metal. Ag-glass-Si interactions lead to the formation of Ag-rich and Si-rich areas at the metal-semiconductor .interface. The non-uniformity of the Ag-si interaction leads to degradation of various electrical parameters (i.e., fill factor and open circuit voltage (Voc)). A hypothesis invoking ion .exchange phenomena for front contact formation is presented. Ag-Si, Ag-glass, glass-Si and Ag-glass-Si reactions are discussed. SIMS study on etched cells shows that a significant consumption of phosphorous occurs during Si-Ag interaction. Scanning Kelvin Probe Microscopy profiles have been studied to measure the surface potential of the metal semiconductor region. Current Voltage characteristics of the fired cells are presented. An improved technique to cross-section large lengths of wafers/solar. Cells for statistically meaningful analyses of the metal semiconductor interface is presented. Results and applications of study of the temperature distribution across. the cell during firing, by contact thermocouples are presented. Thermal modeling predicts a temperature gradient of more than 10°C across the cell width due to combined effect of shadowing and thermal mass of the metal grid. However, experimentally, no systematic effect of the temperature gradient is seen on the front contact formation mechanism. A study on the back Al -contact formation revealed that Si diffusion led to several defects (e,g. bumps, holes, shunts) in the cells

Green Building Construction for Sustainable Future

Green building construction is relatively new phenomenon in Indian construction industry. With increasing awareness about global warming and climate change movement for sustainable development is gaining force. Indian Government also realizes the need for sustainable construction as its economy is growing at fast pace (7 to 8 percent annually) and that needs a rapid and vast infrastructure development. This paper provides a state of the art literature review on green building construction movement in India. This study provides an overview of green building rating systems, cost & benefits, green design strategies, and discusses their implications for future of sustainable development in India. A need for widespread awareness about sustainable development and capacity building for design, construction and operations of green buildings is realized. Key Words: Green Buildings, LEED, GRIHA, Intelligent Building

Responsible Investing: A Study on Non-Economic Goals and Investors’ Characteristics

The notion of rational investment is not attuned with the idea of socially responsible investment. Incongruence with conventional investments, the SRI/sustainable investment/ethical investment is pertained to ethical, environmental and social criteria (Eccles and Viviers,2011). All investors are not single-minded for an objective of wealth creation. The welfare of society and the environment are among the other drivers of investment. In certain cases, investors do prefer sustainable development to personal financial aspects (Beal et al., 2005). The present study has primarily focused on assessing the relationship between individual investors’ attributes and their noneconomic goal in order to comprehend their socially responsible investment behaviour specifically in Indian scenario. The findings of study are useful for fund managers, regulators and researchers as study has provided useful insights regarding behaviour of Indian investors for responsible investments

Using the NASA GRC Sectored-One-Dimensional Combustor Simulation

The document is a user manual for the NASA GRC Sectored-One-Dimensional (S-1-D) Combustor Simulation. It consists of three sections. The first is a very brief outline of the mathematical and numerical background of the code along with a description of the non-dimensional variables on which it operates. The second section describes how to run the code and includes an explanation of the input file. The input file contains the parameters necessary to establish an operating point as well as the associated boundary conditions (i.e. how it is fed and terminated) of a geometrically configured combustor. It also describes the code output. The third section describes the configuration process and utilizes a specific example combustor to do so. Configuration consists of geometrically describing the combustor (section lengths, axial locations, and cross sectional areas) and locating the fuel injection point and flame region. Configuration requires modifying the source code and recompiling. As such, an executable utility is included with the code which will guide the requisite modifications and insure that they are done correctly

Real-world observational study to capture practice pattern of controlled ovarian stimulation in the in vitro-fertilization and embryo transfer or intracytoplasmic sperm injection-2

Background: The objective of the study was to evaluate the practice patterns of controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) in patients who underwent in vitro-fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).Methods: In REAL-COS (REAL-world observational study to capture practice pattern of COS in IVF-ET/ ICSI cycle) study, data was collected by 138 clinicians across India between April 2021 and March 2022 in a retrospective manner.Results: Data of 1651 subfertility female patients were evaluated. The mean (SD) age was 31.8 (3.9) years and majority (77.8%) of the patients were aged <35 years. Obese patients constituted 28.1% of the total population. The majority (79.5%) of the patients had primary subfertility and the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) was the most (27.8%) common cause of subfertility. Nearly equal percent of patients were treated with frozen or fresh embryo transfer. Most (~96%) of the patients received GnRH antagonist protocol wherein cetrorelix acetate was the most common drug (98.7%) while ~4% patients received GnRH agonist protocol wherein luprorelin was the most common one (83%). The most commonly used gonadotropin was recombinant follicle stimulating hormone alone therapy (rFSH, 49.2%). Majority (51.8%) of the patients were initiated at 225 IU dose of gonadotropin for COS. For ovulation trigger, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was used in majority (59%) of the cases. Treatment with rFSH alone therapy resulted in max mean no. of oocytes and mean metaphase-II oocytes as compared with other treatments.Conclusions: This real-world observational study reports primary subfertility as the major reason for IVF-ET/ICSI in the study population. The GnRH antagonist protocol was followed by most of the clinicians participating in this study. rFSH was the most commonly used gonadotropin. rFSH alone therapy yielded the greatest number of oocytes and metaphase II oocytes versus other treatments

FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LENALIDOMIDE LOADED DELAYED RELEASE MINI TABLETS IN CAPSULES

Objective: Formulation and development of delayed release mini tablets in the capsule of drug lenalidomidein terms of dissolution and stability was the objective of the present work.Methods: Tablets of less than or equal to 3 millimetres diameter are Mini-tablets, which were filled into a capsule. Direct compression method using multi-tip punch was used for compression and coated with eudragit L100 as a seal coating material and with eudragit L30D55 as an enteric coating material was done. Different formulations were prepared and subjected for evaluation like weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration, and dissolution studies. The optimized formulation was compared to marketed product based on drug released profile and also subjected for stability studies.Results: The results revealed that the in vitro drug release of prepared formulations, F1, F2, F3, and F4 was subjected for acid resistance test for 2 h in 0.1N HCl and has a comparable dissolution profile in phosphate buffer of 6.8 pH. FormulationF4 was subjected for stability studies and no significant difference was observed in 3 mo 40 °C/75% RH accelerated stability condition.Conclusion: The dissolution profile of formulation F4 was found better than that of market product. Based on evaluation results, the study concluded that F4formulationwas considered as an optimized formulation.Â